System Mapping

Step 2: Where Are We Now?

If you are planning a route to a destination, you first need a map. For complex systems, there usually is no map at all -- and we usually do not know where we are, since we lack insight into the system at the start. That is why in this phase we make maps using various forms of systems analysis.

Mapping is the process of collecting information and representing it so that we can learn something from it. We first make maps to explore, and later (in Step 4) create "desired state" maps -- like before-and-after pictures of a diet program.

Types of System Maps

The SiD SNO hierarchy helps ensure we collect information in an integrated way and relate it to different levels as we go along. Maps can be made across all three dimensions:

Spatial maps show physical relationships, resource flows, movement of people, ecosystems, and infrastructure in geographic space.

Temporal maps show how the system changes over time -- past behavior, current state, and projected futures. Timelines, trend charts, and historical analyses are common forms.

Context maps show relationships freed from spatial and temporal constraints. Causal loop diagrams, stakeholder maps, organizational charts, value chain diagrams, and ELSI impact scans are all context maps.

The Mapping Process

Start broad and coarse, then refine in subsequent cycles. The first mapping cycle might take just a few hours, capturing the most obvious elements and relationships. Later cycles add depth and detail.

Key principles:

Map in the full spectrum. Use ELSI categories to ensure you are not missing entire domains of impact.

Map at multiple scales. Local, regional, and global views often reveal different patterns and dynamics.

Include all three dimensions. Space, time, and context maps together provide the most complete picture.

Make it visual. The holistic approach relies on our brain's pattern recognition, which works best with visual representations.

Stakeholder Mapping

A critical part of system mapping is identifying all relevant stakeholders -- everyone who affects or is affected by the system. Map their interests, influence, relationships, and potential contributions. This informs both the analysis and the solution phases.

From Mapping to Understanding

Good mapping naturally leads to understanding. As you create and study the maps, patterns emerge, relationships become visible, and opportunities for intervention reveal themselves. The maps become working tools that guide the rest of the process.